CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Study
Man as social being is never apart from the others. They interact
each other by using language as the medium. Man is constantly using language,
spoken language, written language, printed language and man is constantly
linked to other used norms of behavior. The sociology of language examines the
interaction between these two aspects of human behavior use of language and the
social organization of behavior (Fishman, 1972:45).
The language in social life series is
a major new series which highlights the importance of language to an
understanding of issues of social and professional concern. It will be of
practical relevance to all those wanting to understand how the ways we
communicate both influence and are influenced by the structures and forces of
contemporary social institutions (Fairclough, 1961:249).
Language is a part of culture. It is
part of human behavior. Language is an acquired habit of systematic vocal
activity representing meanings coming from human experiences. One can also,
simply that language is an acquired vocal system for communicating meanings
(Nasr,1978:1). Language is not simply a communicating information about weather
or any other subject, it is also a very important means of establishing and
maintaining relationships with other people (Trudgill in Nasr, 1978:140).
In our everyday life, this social
stratification exist in the form of power and solidarity. Brown and Gilman
(1978:258) suggest that power is a relationship between at least two persons
and it is nonreciprocal in the sense that both can not have power in the same
area behavior. Moreover he describes power figures as person who is able to
control the behavior of the other. While solidarity is connected to the
concerned people attend the same school, or have the same parent, or practice
the same profession (1978 : 258).
Power relations are not reducible to
class relations there are power relations between social groupings in
institution, as we have seen and there are power relations between young and
old, which are not specific to particular institutions (Farclough, 1961:34) and
also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with
other people (Trudgill in Nasr, 1978:140).
Hudson states that
every language is expected to have some ways of signaling differences in either
power and solidarity or both. For instance, the clearest linguistic markers of
social relations English are personal names, such as John and Mr. Brown. John
will be used if there is high solidarity between the speaker and John brown, in
other words, if John Brown is a close subordinate. While Mr. Brown will be used
if there is low solidarity and John Brown has more power than the speaker if he
is distant superior (1980:122-123).
Those phenomena can also be found in
the Javanese Language. Javanese language is one of various regional in
Indonesia mostly on java island people use the Javanese language especially for
the reason that they are establish and maintain close relationship with their
society.
Kuntjaraningrat in Chaer explained
there are four levels of Javanese society they are :1) wong cilik, 2)wong
sudagar, 3)priyayi and 4) ndoro. This means 1) dialect of small people, 2)
dialect of rich people, 3) dialect of prijajis, 4) dialect of aristocrat.
While Geertz (1976) explained there are
three levels of Javanese society they
are :
1.
Dialect of the prijajis
2.
Dialect of non prijajis,
urbanized somewhat educated persons.
3.
Dialect of peasant and
uneducated town people.
From
both quotations, it is clear that
there are many levels in the Javanese society.
According to Geerzt
(1976:168) there are two levels in Javanese language that is used to indicate
the existence of power and solidarity in the Javanese society. They are :
- Kromo : (High levels). They are:
a.
Kromo inggil, the elegant style with high honorifics
b.
Kromo biasa, the elegant style without honorifics
c.
Kromo madya, the fancy style with no
honorifics
- Ngoko : (low levels). They are:
a.
Ngoko madya, the plain style with low honorifics
b.
Ngoko biasa, the plain style with no honorifics
c.
Ngoko sae, the plain style with high honorifics
Suwito (1983) in chaer (1995:53)
gives the examples between ngoko and kromo based on the people
who asks question. Pay attention to the following examples:
|
Anda mau pergi
ke mana?
Where are you
going now?
|
Mau pulang
I want to go home
|
|
Kromo
|
Ngoko
|
|
1.
Sampeyan ajeng teng pundi?
2.
Panjenengan badhe tindak
(dateng ) pundi?
|
1. Arep mulih
2. Arep mulih
|
Those phenomena
encourages the writer to know more about the execution of linguistic signals of
power and solidarity in the Javanese language at Kalikejambon village, Jombang.
It is unique, so it is interested to research by the writer and none makes a
research about it, being Kalikejambon native the writer has access to the data.
1.2
Statement of The Study
From the background above, the
writer formulates the problems as
follows:
2.1 What are the linguistic
signals of power and solidarity in the Javanese language at Kalikejambon
village, Jombang?
2.2
What social contexts that determine the use of linguistic signals of
power and solidarity in the Javanese language at Kalikejambon village, Jombang?
1.3
Purpose of The Study
Based of the
statements of the problems above, the purposes of the study are formulated as
follows:
3.1 To
identify the linguistic signals of power and solidarity in Javanese language at
Kalikejambon village, Jombang.
3.2 To identify the social contexts
that determine the use of linguistic signals of power and solidarity in the
Javanese language at Kalikejambon village, Jombang.
1.3
Significance of The
Study
This study is hoped to contribute
toward of better understanding of group membership, values relative prestige,
power relationship and the like in the Javanese society. It will help the
members of this society in choosing appropriate codes so he/she can place
him/herself and having good relationship with others.
For the field of
sociolinguistic, the result of the study will be beneficial for the growth of
sociolinguistic study in Indonesia.
1.4
Scope and Limitation of
The Study
The study refers to sociolinguistic,
it means the study will be focused on the language variables and the social
variables. Language variables refers to elements of languages of the
participants and social variables refer to the society around them and the
background of the participants’ life specially. this study deals with the
linguistic signals of power and solidarity in the Javanese language at
Kalikejambon village, Jombang and the social context that determine at used in
the society.
1.5
Operational Definitional
Power : The
ability of person to control the behavior of the others. It is a relationship
between at least to person and refers to non-reciprocal in the sense that both
can not have power in the same area behavior (Hebding,1992:255 ). This power is
determined by some factors such as birth into particular level of society,
occupation, education, religion, age, sex, race and authority ( Hudson,1980:122
).
Solidarity : The
symmetrical relationships which are built because the concerned people attend
the same school, or have the same parent, or practice the same profession (
Hebding, 1992 : 215 ).
Javanese : A
regional language which is mostly used by people in the central and East Java
(Hebding,1992:254).
Linguistics : The
science of language : the study of language (Nasr, 1978:174).
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